Abbreviations:

• ara-C, 1-β-D-arabinofuransylcytosine;
• ARF, alternate reading frame of the ink4a locus (murine p19, human p14);
• ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated gene/protein;
• BRCT, homologous to breast cancer protein 1 C-terminal module;
• CAK, Cdk-activating kinase (consisting of Cyclin H, Cdk7, and p36MAT1);
• CK1, casein kinase 1, etc.;
• CPT, camptothecin;
• CycA, Cyclin A, etc.;
• DNA-PK, DNA-dependent protein kinase (catalytic unit, not including Ku);
• DPase, DNA polymerase;
• ERCC, excision-repair cross-complementing;
• dsb, DNA double-strand breaks or double-strand ends;
• dsDNA, double-stranded DNA;
• E2, recognition sites in promoters that bind E2F transcription factors;
• HDAC, histone deacetylase;
• HMG, high-mobility group protein;
• Ku, Ku70:Ku80/86 heterodimer (same as XRCC5 and 6);
• IR, ionizing radiation;
• MMS, methylmethanesulfonate;
• NER, nucleotide excision repair;
• pAR, poly(ADP-ribose); PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase;
• Plk, mammalian polo-like kinase;
• RHA, RNA helicase A;
• RPA, replication protein A (comprised of subunits p70RPA1, p34RPA2, and p14RPA3);
• RPase, RNA polymerase;
• ssb, DNA single-strand breaks;
• ssDNA, single-stranded DNA;
• TAF, TBP-associated factor;
• TBP, TATA-binding protein;
• UV, ultraviolet light;
• TFIIH, transcription factor IIH;
• Top1, topoisomerase I;
• WT1, Wilms’ tumor suppressor gene/protein;
• XPA, xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A gene/protein (similarly for XPB, etc.);
• XRCC1, X-ray repair cross-complementing gene/protein 1.